Ionic compounds and molecules
Atoms group together in 2 main types of stable formations; molecules and ionic compounds. Unpaired electrons of one atom bond with unpaired electrons of another atom forming a molecule. When the molecule has a charge due to a proton without a moderating electron, or an electron without a moderating proton, then the grouping of atoms is called an ionic compound.
When an electron is detached from the atom, the atom forms a positive ion of the element and exposes the positive charge of the lone proton left behind. When the free electron pairs with an unpaired electron of an atom it becomes mechanically attached like a snap mechanism. With the snout outwards it makes the atom it joined into an ion with a negative charge.
Ions of opposite charge attract and bond to each other like magnets using their EM fields. These bonds are called ionic bonds and cause compounds called ionic compounds. Ionic compounds like salts form brittle stable solids that when dissolved in water, break apart into charged ions called electrolytes that carry an electric current. They are necessary to sustain life. Ionic compounds are generally large and make up the hard face of our world in its rocks and salts.
Atoms can also bond mechanically when their shapes allow it. Atoms with unpaired electrons that extend out can be paired with unpaired extending electrons of other atoms. These bonds are called covalent bonds and atoms bound this way are called molecules. Molecular compounds are generally small and make up the soft face of our world in its rivers, air and life.
Acids, Bases, Salts and Soaps
Acids and bases are compounds that when dissolved in water break apart to form charged ions. Organic acids have a head made up of COOH. Inorganic acids are just a Halogen type atom with bonding hydrogen like HCl. Acids easily loses a proton from the tightly held H atom that has its proton extending outward. The freed proton causes the remaining acid molecule with the lone electron to exhibit a charge and become a negative ion.
Organic acids are formed by oxidizing alcohol in a controlled way, just like alcohol is formed by oxidizing hydrocarbons in a controlled way. Acids are building blocks used in making the fats and proteins that make up animal life.
Bases are metallic compounds with an OH part that extends out sufficiently to be dislodged when dissolved in water. The OH is tightly bonded with the unpaired electron of the metal so that when it is lodged from the metal, it takes the unpaired electron with it leaving the metal with a lone proton. The positive ion of the base bonds with the negative ion of the acid to form an ionic bipolar compound called a salt. One end of the salt is acquired from the acid and the other end is acquired from the base.
Atoms group together in 2 main types of stable formations; molecules and ionic compounds. Unpaired electrons of one atom bond with unpaired electrons of another atom forming a molecule. When the molecule has a charge due to a proton without a moderating electron, or an electron without a moderating proton, then the grouping of atoms is called an ionic compound.
When an electron is detached from the atom, the atom forms a positive ion of the element and exposes the positive charge of the lone proton left behind. When the free electron pairs with an unpaired electron of an atom it becomes mechanically attached like a snap mechanism. With the snout outwards it makes the atom it joined into an ion with a negative charge.
Ions of opposite charge attract and bond to each other like magnets using their EM fields. These bonds are called ionic bonds and cause compounds called ionic compounds. Ionic compounds like salts form brittle stable solids that when dissolved in water, break apart into charged ions called electrolytes that carry an electric current. They are necessary to sustain life. Ionic compounds are generally large and make up the hard face of our world in its rocks and salts.
Atoms can also bond mechanically when their shapes allow it. Atoms with unpaired electrons that extend out can be paired with unpaired extending electrons of other atoms. These bonds are called covalent bonds and atoms bound this way are called molecules. Molecular compounds are generally small and make up the soft face of our world in its rivers, air and life.
Acids, Bases, Salts and Soaps
Acids and bases are compounds that when dissolved in water break apart to form charged ions. Organic acids have a head made up of COOH. Inorganic acids are just a Halogen type atom with bonding hydrogen like HCl. Acids easily loses a proton from the tightly held H atom that has its proton extending outward. The freed proton causes the remaining acid molecule with the lone electron to exhibit a charge and become a negative ion.
Organic acids are formed by oxidizing alcohol in a controlled way, just like alcohol is formed by oxidizing hydrocarbons in a controlled way. Acids are building blocks used in making the fats and proteins that make up animal life.
Bases are metallic compounds with an OH part that extends out sufficiently to be dislodged when dissolved in water. The OH is tightly bonded with the unpaired electron of the metal so that when it is lodged from the metal, it takes the unpaired electron with it leaving the metal with a lone proton. The positive ion of the base bonds with the negative ion of the acid to form an ionic bipolar compound called a salt. One end of the salt is acquired from the acid and the other end is acquired from the base.
The H+ from the acid and the OH- from the base form the neutral and stable molecule water (H2O).
When organic acids such as those derived from fats react with a metal base, soaps are produced. This can be likened to butter and cheese curdling out of the milk when an acid is added. Soap's functionality can be attributed to its shape. Like a salt, it is bipolar. One end acquired from the fat dissolves readily in fat, while the other end acquired from the metal of the base dissolves readily in water.
The strength of acids and bases are calibrated on a scale from 0pH to 14pH. Pure water has a pH of 7. When an acid is dissolved in water, the pH of the solution becomes less than 7. When a base is dissolved in water, the pH of the solution becomes greater than 7.
A strong solution of HCl has a pH of 0. The pH values of various solutions are listed below. Gastric acid (1), vinegar and lemon juice (2), orange juice (3), tomato juice (4), black coffee(5), urine (6), water (7), sea water (8), baking soda (9), milk of magnesia (10), ammonia (11), soapy water (12), bleach (13), a strong solution of NaOH (14).
Molecules of Minerals, Vegetables, and Animals
Plants based on carbon are soft, warm, and alive. Rocks based on silicon
are hard, cold, and lifeless. Despite these clear differences, wood and rock
have many similar properties and sometimes they are hard to visually
differentiate them.
Animals live off plants and plants live off earth. Earth is ground up rock (sand) mixed with
water and life forms most of which are too small to be seen. Animals and
plants are based on carbon, oxygen
and hydrogen atoms. Rocks are based on silicon, oxygen and metal atoms.
As we have seen, carbon and silicon atoms have a very similar shape
accounting for the close relationship between minerals, vegetables, and
animals.
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